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 Naturalization in Belgium
Invasiveness
More on invasiveness: Muskrat lives along riverbanks with slow moving waters, and in lakes, ponds, and wetlands. It may spread over distances exceeding 25 km during autumn and spring.
Distribution in Belgium
Established populations
Impacts on Species
Impacts on Ecosystems
More on impacts: Overgrazing by muskrat causes the local extinction of aquatic plants and the destruction of reedbeds and fish nursery areas. Due to its burrowing activity, it degrades river banks and affects river flow. It can exert a strong predation pressure and threaten freshwater mussel and crustacean populations. It could also act as a reservoir of different pathologies and causes damages to agriculture. Muskrat is included in the appendix to the recommendation no 77 of the Council of Europe as a species which has proved to be a threat to biological diversity and for which eradication is strongly recommended.
References:
Bakker, E.S. & Bos, D. (2019)
Invloed van Muskusratten op moerasontwikkeling en biodiversiteit.
A&W-rapport 2540, Altenburg & Wymenga ecologisch onderzoek, Feanwâlden.
Birnbaum, C. (2006)
Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet Mustela vison, Ondatra zibethicus
From online database of the North European and Baltic network on invasive alien species (NOBANIS).
Bomske, C. M., & Ahlers, A. A. (2021)
How do muskrats Ondatra zibethicus affect ecosystems? A review of evidence.
Mammal Review 51 : 40–50.
Connors, L.M. & Kiviat, E. (2000)
Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Disturbance to vegetation and potential net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates in a freshwater tidal Marsh
Am. Midl. Nat. 143: 53-63.
Danell, K. (1996)
Introductions of aquatic rodents: lessons of the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus invasion.
Wildlife biology, 2(3): 213-220.
François, R. (2020)
Impacts des ragondins et rats musqués sur la flore et les végétations rares et menacées en Hauts de France.
Compte-rendu du webinaire : rat musqué (Ondatra zibethicus) et ragondin (Myocastor coypus) en Hauts-de-France : quels enjeux ? quelles réponses ?
Godin J. (2005)
Les espèces animales invasives des milieux aquatiques et humides du bassin Artois-Picardie
 Agence de l'Eau Artois-Picardie.
Lecuivre, C. (2020)
Étude des effets de la prédation du Rat musqué (Ondatra zibethicus) sur la Mulette épaisse (Unio crassus) dans la Semois à la Vanne des Moines.
Mémoire présenté en vue de
l’obtention du grade de Master en Biologie des Organismes et Écologie, à finalité spécialisée en Biologie de la Conservation : Biodiversité et Gestion. Université de Liège.
Libois, R. (2006)
Les mammifères non volants de la région wallonne : tendances des populations.
Dossier scientifique réalisé dans le cadre de l'élaboration du Rapport analytique 2006 sur l'Etat de l'Environnement wallon, Unité de Recherches zoogéographiques, Université de Liège, 127 pp.
Mazeika, V., Kontenyte, R. & Paulauskas, A. (2009)
New data on the helminths of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Lithuania.
Estonian Journal of Ecology 58(2): 103-111.
Michel, V., Branger, C. & Andre-Fontaine, G. (2002)
Epidemiology of leptospirosis
Rev Cubana Med Trop, 54 (1): 7-10.
Mitchell-Jones, A. J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., Kryštufek, B., Reijnders, P. J. H., Spitzenberger, F., Stubbe, M., Thissen, J. B. M., Vohralík, V. & Zima, J. (1999)
The Atlas of European Mammals.
Poyser, London.
Vermaat, J. E., Bos, B. & Van Der Burg, P. (2016)
Why do reed beds decline and fail to re‐establish? A case study of Dutch peat lakes.
Freshwater Biology, 61(9), 1580-1589.
Wittenberg, R. (2005)
An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland.
CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre report to the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. The environment in practice no. 0629: 155p.
Zahner-Meike, E. & Hanson, J.M. (2001)
Effect of muskrat predation on naiads.
In: Bauer, g; & Wächtler, K. (eds), Ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida, pp. 163-184.
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