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©
Tom Davis
©
Dough Greenberg
 NaturalizationThis species is not yet naturalised in Belgium.
Establishment potential in Belgium : high
It is already invasive in : France, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
Invasiveness
More on naturalization and invasiveness: Nests on lakes and ponds with open water surrounded by dense aquatic vegetation. Outside the breeding season, it is often found on lakes and estuaries. Isolated individuals of ruddy duck are regularly observed in the country but it doesn't reproduce on a regular basis.
Impacts on Species
Impacts on Ecosystems
More on impacts: The ruddy duck threatens the globally endangered white-headed duck through introgressive hybridisation and competition. It has been reported to have the ability to outcompete water birds such as Tachybaptus ruficollis and Podiceps nigricollis through its aggressive behaviour. It is included in the appendix to the recommendation no 77 of the Council of Europe as a species which has proved to be a threat to biological diversity and for which eradication is strongly recommended.
References:
Callaghan, D.A. & Kirby, J. (1996)
Releases of Anatidae for hunting and the effects on wetland biodiversity: a review and evaluation.
Game Wildlife 13: 1049-1068.
Genovesi, P. (2001)
Ruddy ducks in Europe.
British Birds 94: 546-547.
Hughes, B. (1996)
The Ruddy Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis in Europe and the threat to the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala: a review, an evaluation and conservation.
Gibier Faune Sauvage, Game Wildlife 13: 1127-1141.
Hughes, B., Delany, S., Criado, J., Green, A., Gallo-Orsi, U., Grussu, M., Perennou, C. & Torres Esquivas, J.A. (1999)
The Status of the North American Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis in the Western Palearctic: Towards an Action Plan for Eradication.
Council of Europe Publication T-PVS/Birds (99), Strasbourg, France Council of Europe Publishing.
Jacob, J.P. et al. (Eds) (2009)
Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs de Wallonie.
Aves et Centre de Recherche de la Nature, des Forêts et du Bois (MRW, DGRNE), Série "Faune-Flore-Habitats".
Munoz-Fuentes, V., Green, A.J., Sorenson, M.D., Negro, J.J. & Vilà, C. (2006)
The ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis in Europe: natural
colonization or human introduction?
Molecular Ecology 15: 1441–1453.
Owen, M., Callaghan, D. & Kirby, J. (2006)
Guidelines on avoidance of introductions of non-native waterbird species.
 AEWA Technical Series No.12, Bonn, Germany.
Smith, G. C., Henderson, I.S. et al. (2005)
A model of ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis eradication for the UK.
Journal of Applied Ecology 42(3): 546-555.
Vermeersch, G., Anselin, A., Devos, K. , Herremans, M., Stevens, J., Gabriëls, J. & Van der Krieken, B. (2004)
Atlas van de Vlaamse broedvogels 2000-2002.
Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud 23, Brussel, 495 pp.
Wittenberg, R. (2005)
An inventory of alien species and their threat to biodiversity and economy in Switzerland.
CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre report to the Swiss Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscape. The environment in practice no. 0629: 155p.
de Broyer, A. (2004)
La problématique des espèces d'oiseaux exotiques invasives en Europe.
Mémoire de fin d'études, ULB, Bruxelles, 75 pp.
del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (1992)
Handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 1
Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
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