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 Naturalization in Belgium
Invasiveness
More on invasiveness: In Belgium, Canada goose populations have grown at a tremendous rate from 1990 onwards and are still increasing in the Southern part of the country. Geese most often breed along small mesotrophic to eutrophic ponds near open habitats with short grass. They are also increasingly found near wooded ponds and on the islands of large rivers. They are especially common in man-made habitats (parks, golf courses, urban and agricultural areas) but are also known to colonise natural wetlands and coastal areas (e.g. Ramsar zones). Canada goose is primarily a grazer and mainly feeds on grasses and aquatic plants. It takes also advantage of food provided by people in urban areas.
Distribution in Belgium
Established populations
Impacts on Species
Impacts on Ecosystems
More on impacts: Canada geese often exhibit direct aggression to other bird species through strong territorial behaviour and, where high breeding concentrations occur, this may locally prevent smaller species from establishing territories. Large scale outcompetition of native birds is however unlikely. Geese have been observed to kill both adult and young moorhen Gallinula chloropus and coot Fulica atra. Hybridisation with greylag goose Anser anser is of concern in countries with native populations of the latter species. High geese densities damage wetland habitats by overgrazing, fouling and trampling, which leads to a drastic change of vegetation, reedbeds damage and soil erosion. Nutrient deposition by roosting geese can contribute to the eutrophication of water bodies, which in turn may stimulate algae and weed growth. They may also act as a non-amphibian environmental reservoir and as dispersion vectors for the causal agent of chytridiomycosis in Belgium. Because geese often forage in large groups, they quickly can inflict serious physical and economic damage to agricultural crops, residential lawns, golf courses, and ornamental plants and gardens (e.g. in moulting sites). They can also cause the deterioration of the microbiological quality of park areas and drinking and recreational water resources (fecal coliforms, waterborne protozoairs and fungal enteropathogens).
References:
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Wintertelling van de Canadese gans, Branta canadensis in Vlaanderen (2007).
Rapporten van het INBO 2007(9), Brussel.
Austin, J. (1990)
Comparison of activities within families and pairs of wintering Canada Geese.
The Wilson Bulletin 32:536-542.
Banks, A.N., Wright, L.J., Maclean, I.M.D. & Rehfisch, M.M. (2008)
Review of the Status of Introduced Non-Native Waterbird Species in the Area of the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement: 2007 Update.
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Beck, O. & Anselin, A. (2005)
Beheer van verwilderde ganzenpopulaties in Vlaanderen.
Natuur.oriolus 71(Bijlage): 166-169.
Beck, O., Anselin, A. & Kuijken, E. (2002)
Beheer van verwilderde watervogels in Vlaanderen
Rapport van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud 2002.08. Brussel.
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Exotic grasses and feces deposition by an exotic herbivore combine to reduce the relative abundance of native forbs.
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Applied and environmental microbiology 72(7): 4733-4737.
Frazer, E. (2010)
A review of potential health hazards to humans and livestock from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii).
A report prepared for the Canadian Wildlife Service, 95 pp.
French, L. & Parkhurst, J. (2001)
Managing wildlife damage: Canada goose (Branta canadensis).
Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication No. 420-203, 8 pp.
Garmyn, A., Van Rooij, P., Pasmans, F., Hellebuyck, T., Van Den Broeck, W., et al. (2012)
Waterfowl: Potential Environmental Reservoirs of the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
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Agence de l'Eau Artois-Picardie.
Graczyk, T.K., Majewska, A.C. & Schwab, K.J. (2008)
The role of birds in dissemination of human waterborne enteropathogens.
Trends in Parasitology 24(2): 55-59.
Hahn, S. , Bauer, S. & Klaassen, M. (2008)
Quantification of allochthonous nutrient input into freshwater bodies by herbivorous waterbirds.
Freshwater Biology 53(1): 181–193.
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An annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(4): 639-659.
Isaac-Renton, M., Bennett, J.R., Best, R.J. & Arcese, P. (2010)
Effects of introduced Canada geese (Branta canadensis) on native plant communities of the Southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia.
Ecoscience 17:394-399.
Jacob, J.P. & Brunel, A. (2010)
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From online database of the North European and Baltic network on invasive alien species (NOBANIS).
Josefsson, M. & Andersson, B. (2001)
The environmental consequences of alien species in the Swedish lakes Malaren, Hjalmaren, Vanern and Vattern.
Ambio 30(8): 514-521.
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Cryptosporidiosis: A Brief Literature Review and Update Regarding Cryptosporidium in Feces of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis).
Journal of Environmental Health 66(7): 34-39.
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Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31(3):307-13.
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M. Sc. Thesis, University of Manitoba.
Purcell, S.L. & Goldsborough, G. (1996)
Waterfowl feces as a source of nutrients to planktonic and benthic algae in Delta Marsh.
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The impact and status of introduced waterbirds in Africa, Asia Minor, Europe and the Middle East.
Acta Zoologica Sinica 52 (Suppl.): 572-575.
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Proceedings from the BOU's 2008 Autumn Scientific Meeting "The Impacts of Non-native Species".
Saltoun, C.A., Harris, K.E., Mathisen, T.L. & Patterson, R. (2000)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis resulting from community exposure to Canada goose droppings: when an external environmental antigen becomes an indoor environmental antigen.
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
Volume 84(1): 84-86.
Skene, R.C., Remmler, O. & Fernando, M.A. (1981)
Coccidia of Canada geese(Branta canadensis) at Kortright Waterfowl Park, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, with description of Isospora anseris n.sp.
Revue canadienne de Zoologie 59:(3) 493-497.
Strubbe, D., Shwartz, A. & Chiron, F. (2011)
Concerns regarding the scientific evidence informing impact risk assessment and management recommendations for invasive birds.
Biological Conservation 144: 2112-2118.
Svensson, S. (2010)
Expanding Goose Populations and their Management.
Proceedings of the 12th Meeting of the Goose Specialist Group, Höllviken, Sweden. Ornis Svecica 20(3-4): 1-234.
Unckless, R.L. & Makarewicz, J.C. (2007)
The impact of nutrient loading from Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) on water quality, a mesocosm approach.
Hydrobiologia 586: 393-401.
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Overzomerende ganzen in Nederland: grenzen aan de groei?
SOVON Volgeonderzoek Nederland, 134 pp.
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Atlas van de Vlaamse broedvogels 2000-2002.
Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud 23, Brussel, 495 pp.
Waldenström, J., On, S.L.W., Ottvall, R., Hasselquist, D., Harrington, C.S. & Olsen, B. (2003)
Avian Reservoirs and Zoonotic Potential of the Emerging Human Pathogen Helicobacter canadensis.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69(12): 7523-7526.
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Summer foods of feral greylag and Canada geese.
British Birds 77(8): 354-355.
Watola, G., Allan, J. & Feare, C. (1996)
Problems and management of naturalised introduced Canada geese Branta canadensis in Britain.
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Elaboration de plans d'action pour des espèces problématiques dans la région de Bruxelles-Capitale : les espèces d'oiseaux d'eau naturalisées et domestiquées retournées à l'état sauvage.
Rapport technique, Aves, 57 pp.
Weiserbs, A. & Jacob, J.P. (2007)
Oiseaux nicheurs de Bruxelles 2000-2004: répartition, effectifs, évolution.
Aves, Liège, 292 pp.
Zhou, L., Kassa, H., Tischler, M.L. & Xiao, L. (2004)
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 4211–4215.
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Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
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